Aircraft carrier "São Paulo" (ex R99 Foch, built in France between 1957 and 1960) was incorporated into the Brazilian Navy in 2000, based on an opportunity purchase from the French National Navy, for US$30 million — no aircraft were included in the price — with the primary purpose of replacing the former "Minas Gerais" Light-Aircraft, at the end of its useful life, and providing the evolution of airborne operations using fixed wing aircraft and A-4 Skyhawk jet propulsion.
Although it already has 37 years of active service at the moment of acquisition, the Ship fulfilled its mission in the first years in activity by the Brazilian fleet, enabling the Navy to acquire the qualification to operate high performance aircraft embarked.
After several attempts to recover operational capacity of the brazil aircraft carrier "NAe Sao Paulo" (A 12), the Brazil Admiralty concluded that the modernization would require high financial investment contain technical uncertainties and would require a long completion period and decided to demobilize the environment, over the next three years.
A program to obtain a new ship-aerodrome x aircraft set will occupy the Navy's third acquisition priority, following the PROSUB / Nuclear Program and the Tamandaré Corvette Construction Program. The cost of acquiring this new binomial will be substantially lower than the cost of the modernization of the "Sao Paulo" and of the obtaining new aircraft compatible with this aircraft carrier. The AF-1 aircraft are expected to be at the end of their life when São Paulo ends its modernization.
NAe : Navio Aerodromo
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An internal Defence Ministry report reveals more details about an unfolding scandal at a Baden-Württemberg barracks involving "sadistic rituals". The internal report seen by Spiegel and DPA describes a female soldier being forced by her trainers to pole dance and also separately being touched in intimate areas.
The report comes from the woman’s account of an incident last year at the Pfullendorf barracks, which has been the centre of scandal in recent weeks. The woman said that she was forced to undergo some kind of recruitment test where she had to dance against a pole in a common room. She also said that throughout the training sessions, trainees were made to strip naked, and women were touched by trainers, not wearing any gloves, in intimate areas. The trainers then did a ‘smell test’ in front of the whole group. The trainers also had trainees sign a consent form, and took pictures which they said were for training purposes.
Internal research also found that the dancing pole had been installed and used regularly while soldiers were drinking. The report also noted that investigators had largely confirmed the woman’s account. Seven soldiers have been suspended amid an ongoing investigation into grievous bodily harm against trainees, as well as false imprisonment, and sexual assault. The investigation reportedly dates back to last October when a female lieutenant reported incidents directly to the Defence Ministry. The lieutenant described how she saw unbelievable scenes of recruits being forced to strip naked in front of their comrades, with trainers filming.
She also reported that trainers had forced the recruits to do exercises that served no purpose other than sexual ones, such as reviewing how to insert medical devices into the anuses of male and female recruits, which was also recorded.
In the US Army Female army members allegedly pressured into prostitution.
On February 7th 1992, the Member States – then twelve – signed the most important act of the building of Europe, after the Treaty of Rome (which will soon be sixty years old).
The Maastricht Treaty has first of all, laid the foundations of a European cooperation both economic and monetary but also political : the European Union. Hence, it built its framework around three pillars, broadening the Community’s competences (1st pillar). This Treaty, also known as the Treaty on European Union (TEU), introduced the common foreign and security policy (2nd pillar) and cooperation in the fields of justice and home affairs (3rd pillar).
But one can also notice that the Maastricht Treaty created the EU citizenship, allowing notably the free movement of EU citizens and their right to vote. Finally, this Treaty has been the source of the establishment of a single currency and implemented at the same time the euro convergence criteria – the « Maastricht criteria » – which are four fiscal criteria member states should abide by in a bid to adopt the euro as their currency. This marked the completion of the Economic and Monetary Union.
Twenty-five years later, despite several revisions of the Treaty and after a financial crisis, the continuation of the European construction did not go all that smoothly. Above all, it even showed signs of unravelling as UK Prime Minister Theresa May is likely to trigger Brexit because of the recent approval of the House of Commons. This situation is pretty striking when put in parallel with the fact that the United Kingdom is one of the twelve States signatories of the Maastricht Treaty.
The Treaty on European Union was lastly amended by the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 which phased out the three-pillar structure and endowed the Union with its own legal personality. It also provided the possibility of withdrawal of a State Member of the EU in the article 50. Lastly, the Lisbon Treaty eased the revision procedure of EU treaties. Alongside the ordinary revision procedure which existed so far, there are now a simplified revision procedure and « passerelle » clauses. That is how in 2012 the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union was changed to add the European Stability Mechanism.
Since then, there is a shared will modernize the EU treaties in greater depth.
A report has just been tabled in this regard at the European Commission by Guy Verhofstadt. A plenary debate is scheduled for today February 14th about the possible evolution of and adjustments to the current institutional set-up of the EU.
Thus, it is not true to say that the Treaties governing the European Union were not reviewed and adapted according to criticism and practice.
Ulrike Guérot, a German political scientist, is, however, convinced that UE’s main woe lies in the fact that it is only a community of States and also not a community of citizens, whereas the first article of the Maastricht Treaty specifies, « This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen ».
Marine Pernod
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