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La Cour pénale internationale devra établir si les viols commis par les soldats russes en Ukraine constituent des crimes contre l'humanité. En attendant, bien des obstacles demeurent pour rendre justice aux victimes. / Russie, Ukraine, Conflit, Femmes, Violence, Infoguerre, Sexualité - (...) / Russie, Ukraine, Conflit, Femmes, Violence, Infoguerre, Sexualité - 2022/11

Refugees exist in a precarious gray zone – tolerated but not recognized, caught between India’s domestic politics and Myanmar’s internal conflicts.

Written by Polona Car.

The Data Act aims to create value from data generated by connected products and services, by introducing data-sharing obligations. The principles enshrined in the Act have received general approval, but concerns have been expressed about the clarity of certain definitions, the sharing of commercially sensitive data and its regulatory complexity. Most provisions of the Data Act will apply from 12 September 2025.

Why it matters

Combining data with next-generation connectivity and emerging technologies can boost productivity, improve citizens’ health and wellbeing, and enhance public services. The EU’s data economy is projected to reach €630 billion this year, accounting for 4.7 % of the EU’s GDP. Forecasts suggest it will range between €743 billion and €908 billion by 2030. To unlock the full potential of data, the European Commission introduced the European strategy for data in 2020. This initiative aimed to create a single market for data, ensuring the EU’s competitiveness and data sovereignty. The strategy’s core components were the Data Governance Act (DGA) and the Data Act.

The Data Act in short

While the Data Governance Act establishes a new data governance model, enabling voluntary data sharing across the EU, the Data Act clarifies the rules for creating value from data and introduces data-sharing obligations. The Data Act grants businesses and legitimate users of connected products and services the right to access the data – both personal and non-personal – generated through their use. This concerns, for example, data from smart home appliances or industrial data. Manufacturers must ensure the exercise of these rights and create a secure, timely and interoperable data access. This means that manufacturers do not have exclusive rights over data generated by connected machines and devices, which would encourage competition and innovation and improve service options for consumers. Access to data could also enable machine-learning technologies, such as artificial intelligence, to use such data for improving supply-chain management or industrial and agriculture production processes.

The data-sharing obligation gives users the right to transfer their data. For example, they can share it with a repair provider other than the device maker, which could create more competition in the after-sale market and extend the lifespan of machines and devices. However, the data-sharing obligation protects confidentiality, and manufacturers can stop sharing or refuse to share data if it risks exposing trade secrets.

The Data Act introduces new requirements on cloud service providers to ensure customers can easily switch between different providers. It also gives the public sector access to private companies’ data in exceptional cases, such as public emergencies, or to fulfil a specific task defined by law (e.g. statistics) or for specific research purposes. In addition, the Data Act includes safeguards against unlawful international transfers of non-personal data, and promotes the development of interoperability standards for data sharing and processing, using Common European data spaces. Most provisions of the Data Act will apply from September 2025. The obligation to design connected products in a way to make data directly available to users will apply from September 2026 and removal of cloud switching fees from January 2027.

Challenging implementation

Stakeholders generally welcomed the Data Act, but some major tech companies opposed it. One of the main concerns remains the complexity of digital regulation and offering clear definitions. Even though the Data Act preserves trade secrets and includes a safeguard to prevent development of competing products from data accessed from connected products, industry did not embrace sharing of data with enthusiasm. Companies can still challenge data-sharing refusals based on protection of trade secrets, which creates uncertainty. That is why startups, scaleups and SMEs, in particular, favour an approach adapted to the size of the company, which protects innovation while increasing access for users.

A burden or an opportunity for small companies?

Adapting to the new requirements could represent  costs and administrative burdens for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), although the Data Act aims to help SMEs access data held by large companies, encouraging data-driven innovation. To support this, the EU has developed model contractual terms (MCTs) for data sharing and standard contractual clauses (SCCs) for cloud computing. These voluntary tools will help smaller companies to negotiate and protect them from unfair contracts. MCTs and SCCs were adopted by the Commission expert group and the Commission ‘shall develop and recommend’ them ‘before 12 September 2025‘. They define the roles and responsibilities of data holders and users, compensation for data access and protection of trade secrets. As such, they provide legal clarity in complex data-sharing relations. SMEs, which often lack resources to draft complex contracts, can use these templates directly.

Clarity needed: Non-personal or personal, readily available, pre-processed?

The European Data Protection Board has raised concerns about the legal clarity of the draft MCTs. Its comments relate to the interplay between the Data Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Data Act complements the GDPR but does not override it, and when personal data is concerned the GDPR prevails. Therefore, clarity in defining who is the data holder and user and which data is considered personal and which non-personal, is decisive. Experts note that roles, rights and obligations remain unclear. Consequently, companies must carefully decide which law applies when users submit data requests, to ensure compliance. Moreover, according to other experts, the type of data that is within the scope of the law is also ambiguous. Definitions such as data being ‘readily available without disproportionate effort’ lack clarity, and the difference between data that is pre-processed (within the scope of the law) and processed (outside its scope) also seems vague.

Importance of enforcement

Under the Data Act, Member States need to appoint competent authorities to enforce the law, but only a few countries have done this so far. Data protection authorities retain competence for addressing breaches of personal data rules. Member States can appoint the same authority for the enforcement of two regulations simultaneously: for example, the GDPR and the Data Act regulations, the AI Act and Data Act, or a new, separate authority for the enforcement of the Data Act. Creating new authorities risks inconsistent enforcement, as different bodies interpret the rules differently, so a single authority would simplify compliance for companies. National interpretations and enforcement will ultimately shape the law’s impact. While this creates an additional uncertainty regarding its practical application, stakeholders note that it also offers an opportunity to shape the enforcement landscape.

What’s next?

As part of the digital package, the Commission has announced a new European Data Union Strategy. The strategy aims to simplify the EU’s digital regulatory framework and boost data sharing by leveraging data to enhance competitiveness. It remains to be seen to what extent the Data Act will be part of the simplification strategy. Several major companies have requested the Commission to revise the Data Act and postpone its application, as part of this strategy.

Read this ‘at a glance’ note on ‘Data Act: Data sharing and competitiveness‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.

La France est poursuivie en justice pour "faute lourde" dans neuf cas de féminicides. Les proches des victimes estiment que ces décès étaient évitables, que ces femmes avaient porté plainte et signalé les violences dont elles étaient victimes mais que les négligences et dysfonctionnements de la police et de la justice ont empêché de les sauver. Dans cette édition, Laure Manent reçoit la professeure de psychologie sociale et spécialiste du contrôle coercitif Andreea Gruev-Vintila, ainsi que Sylvaine Grévin, la sœur de Bénédicte Belair. Cette dernière est morte en 2017 d’un hématome sous-dural au cerveau – consécutif à une chute accidentelle selon la justice, infligée par son conjoint violent et déjà condamné pour cela par le passé, selon Sylvaine Grévin et son frère. L’avocate Isabelle Steyer, qui porte plusieurs de ces plaintes, estime que la France doit faire mieux.

Il y a quelques mois, les dirigeants européens voulaient croire que la « guerre économique et financière totale » lancée contre Moscou serait une promenade de santé. Six mois après la première salve de sanctions occidentales, l'économie russe accuse le coup, mais l'effondrement n'a pas eu lieu. / (...) / États-Unis, Russie, Ukraine, Commerce international, Conflit, Économie, Énergie, Géopolitique, Industrie, Pétrole, Politique, Relations internationales, Matières premières, Commerce, Gaz naturel - 2022/11

Le Ghana a accepté sur demande de Washington d'accueillir des ressortissants originaires d'Afrique de l'Ouest expulsés des Etats-Unis, a déclaré mercredi le président ghanéen John Mahama.

Chaque semaine, Judith Grimaldi reçoit un invité dans son podcast "avec Judith". Précarité, rôle de l'État dans les inégalités, politique... Cette semaine, c'est la defenseure des droits, Claire Hédon, qui a répondu à ses questions.

Les inscriptions gravées sur les boîtiers retrouvés avec le fusil comprenaient « Hé, fasciste ! Attrape ça ! ».

À 39 ans, Sébastien Lecornu a succédé à François Bayrou comme Premier ministre. Fidèle du chef de l'État, l'ancien ministre des Armées a été titulaire de plusieurs portefeuilles au sein du gouvernement, dont celui des Outre-mer.

Izjava Misije OSCE-a u BiH Željka Šulc

SARAJEVO, 12 September 2025 - The OSCE Mission to BiH (Mission) strongly condemns the 11 September act of vandalism at the Orthodox cemetery in Pečuj near Zenica and expresses heartfelt sympathy to those affected by the desecration of these tombstones. 

We welcome the solidarity from local actors, including the FBiH Minister of Displaced Persons and Refugees, the Mayor, the Inter-religious Chapter in Zenica, Serb Cultural Association “Prosvjeta”, and the Islamic Community in Zenica.

Religious symbols and sacred sites hold deep significance for individuals and communities and must be respected and protected in full adherence with fundamental human rights, particularly the right to freedom of religion or belief. Every community and individual in Bosnia and Herzegovina, regardless of religious affiliation, must feel safe and respected in public and private expressions of faith and tradition.

The Mission both commends reactions by the community and authorities and calls for swift and impartial investigation of this incident as a first step in ensuring justice. Accountability helps prevent future attacks and reinforces the safety and security of all communities. Such attacks may constitute hate crimes under domestic and international law, and should a bias motive be established, it must be explicitly recognized and prosecuted as such, in line with Bosnia and Herzegovina’s legal obligations and OSCE commitments on addressing hate crimes. 

The Mission urges leaders throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina to demonstrate zero tolerance for bias-motivated violence while promoting dialogue, understanding and mutual respect among all faiths and ethnic groups. The Mission will continue supporting all stakeholders to ensure such incidents are addressed decisively and communities and individuals feel protected. 

There are strong indications Washington is moving toward hemispheric retrenchment. The consequences for the Asia-Pacific could be dramatic.

Largement oubliée dans les pays qui, tels la France et le Royaume-Uni, l'ont gagnée, la guerre de Crimée (1853-1856) fait l'objet d'un souvenir vibrant en Russie, qui l'a pourtant perdue… / Balkans, France, Royaume-Uni, Russie, Turquie, Christianisme, Conflit, Géopolitique, Histoire, Minorité (...) / Balkans, France, Royaume-Uni, Russie, Turquie, Christianisme, Conflit, Géopolitique, Histoire, Minorité nationale, Religion, Relations internationales, Relations Est-Ouest, Accord international - 2022/11

China’s progress toward reusable rockets, orbital logistics, and lunar industrialization will secure the strategic high ground for Beijing.

This book studies global economic governance using an innovative structure to juxtapose normative arguments with empirical analysis. Chapters investigate the most important areas of global economic governance, including trade, investment, finance, labour and taxation. Bringing together leading scholars in political philosophy, international relations, economics and international law, the book sheds new light on the justice of political decision-making, the distribution of benefits and burdens of the global economy, and intergenerational justice in global economic governance.

This book studies global economic governance using an innovative structure to juxtapose normative arguments with empirical analysis. Chapters investigate the most important areas of global economic governance, including trade, investment, finance, labour and taxation. Bringing together leading scholars in political philosophy, international relations, economics and international law, the book sheds new light on the justice of political decision-making, the distribution of benefits and burdens of the global economy, and intergenerational justice in global economic governance.

This book studies global economic governance using an innovative structure to juxtapose normative arguments with empirical analysis. Chapters investigate the most important areas of global economic governance, including trade, investment, finance, labour and taxation. Bringing together leading scholars in political philosophy, international relations, economics and international law, the book sheds new light on the justice of political decision-making, the distribution of benefits and burdens of the global economy, and intergenerational justice in global economic governance.

Due to the level of global economic interdependence our world has reached, the question of how the global economy should be governed is of utmost importance. The rules of global economic governance have to balance the often-conflicting interests and claims of the diverse actors who participate in or are affected by the global economy. Economic governance structures are never morally neutral; they have particular collective decision-making proce- dures and they strongly influence how the benefits of economic cooperation are distributed. This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the concept of justice and provide an overview of some of the key distinctions in the contemporary normative philosophy of social and global justice, with special attention to the issues relevant to global economic governance.

Due to the level of global economic interdependence our world has reached, the question of how the global economy should be governed is of utmost importance. The rules of global economic governance have to balance the often-conflicting interests and claims of the diverse actors who participate in or are affected by the global economy. Economic governance structures are never morally neutral; they have particular collective decision-making proce- dures and they strongly influence how the benefits of economic cooperation are distributed. This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the concept of justice and provide an overview of some of the key distinctions in the contemporary normative philosophy of social and global justice, with special attention to the issues relevant to global economic governance.

Due to the level of global economic interdependence our world has reached, the question of how the global economy should be governed is of utmost importance. The rules of global economic governance have to balance the often-conflicting interests and claims of the diverse actors who participate in or are affected by the global economy. Economic governance structures are never morally neutral; they have particular collective decision-making proce- dures and they strongly influence how the benefits of economic cooperation are distributed. This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the concept of justice and provide an overview of some of the key distinctions in the contemporary normative philosophy of social and global justice, with special attention to the issues relevant to global economic governance.