Autoproclamé indépendant depuis 1991, le Somaliland, situé au nord de la Somalie entre Djibouti et l’Éthiopie, s’est affirmé comme un acteur relativement stable dans une région marquée par les crises. Bien qu’il ne soit pas reconnu officiellement par la communauté internationale, le territoire entretient depuis des années des relations avec plusieurs acteurs étrangers, à travers des projets de coopération ou des partenariats économiques. En décembre 2025, sa reconnaissance par Israël a ravivé l’attention portée à ce territoire. Si cette décision peut apparaître comme une étape importante pour la légitimité du Somaliland, elle s’inscrit dans un contexte régional marqué par des tensions anciennes, des rivalités entre États et une recomposition des équilibres dans la Corne de l’Afrique. Dans quelle mesure la reconnaissance du Somaliland par Israël marque-t-elle un véritable changement pour ce territoire ? Quelle pourrait être ses répercussions dans une région déjà instable ? Le point avec Géraldine Pinauldt, chercheuse associée à l’IRIS, spécialiste de la Corne de l’Afrique.
Dans quelle mesure la reconnaissance du Somaliland par Israël constitue-t-elle un tournant diplomatique pour ce territoire ?
L’annonce de la reconnaissance complète et réciproque du Somaliland par Israël le 26 décembre dernier a fait éclater une crise diplomatique et médiatique mondiale (non sans le précédent de janvier 2024) et a remis le Somaliland sur le devant de la scène mondiale. Pour autant, malgré le passage d’un État de facto à un État reconnu, il est difficile de qualifier cette reconnaissance de rupture diplomatique, en ce qu’il n’y avait de fait et depuis 1991, aucune présence des institutions somaliennes au Somaliland. De plus, de très nombreux partenaires internationaux y avaient déjà des représentations, des bureaux ou des actions. En effet, outre les bureaux de liaison des États voisins – Éthiopie depuis 25 ans, pour laquelle le représentant a un rang d’ambassadeur, et Djibouti – Hargeisa est depuis une quinzaine d’années le siège d’un certain nombre de projets des coopérations européenne, allemande, britannique ou danoise. La coopération française, arrivée tardivement, y mène d’ailleurs un projet de valorisation du patrimoine, mais on peut rappeler que la France fut le premier État à aider l’armée somalilandaise naissante au début des années 1990 en lui fournissant ponctuellement vivres et uniformes. L’autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement (IGAD), dont la Somalie est le fondateur, opposée à la reconnaissance du Somaliland, y réalise toutefois des projets dans le cadre de l’intégration régionale et le Somaliland accueille une école vétérinaire de rang régional, faisant cohabiter son drapeau et celui de l’IGAD. Un certain nombre d’institutions onusiennes ont également bureau et actions au Somaliland, certes souvent dans des projets de portée « nationale », c’est-à-dire à l’échelle de la Somalie, ce qui leur a parfois valu d’être suspendus par le Somaliland.
Plus que de facto, c’est peut-être statu quo qui pourrait caractériser une période antérieure, notamment avec deux dates : 2010 et 2012. En 2010, les États-Unis ont autorisé le financement direct des « régions somaliennes » permettant ainsi à la Banque mondiale de financer des projets au budget de la République du Somaliland. En 2012, le passage de la Somalie d’un gouvernement de transition à un gouvernement fédéral a laissé libre interprétation du terme « Somaliland » rapidement « reconnu » par Mogadiscio comme l’un des États fédérés, entérinant un statu quo, chacun pouvant voir le Somaliland comme il le souhaitait. Depuis Hargeisa toutefois, on était bien loin de Mogadiscio.
Si ces présences étrangères ne constituent pas une reconnaissance et qu’elles ont bénéficié de la confusion possible, leurs arrivées progressives à partir du milieu des années 2000 ont été autant de validation des progrès significatifs réalisés par la République du Somaliland en 35 ans. 35 ans, cela signifie qu’une première génération d’enfants nés somalilandais est pleinement engagée dans les responsabilités, suivie de près par une seconde génération. Aussi, on peut dire que la reconnaissance n’a pas pour l’instant d’impact direct sur le quotidien des Somalilandais.
La seule conséquence concrète a porté sur les relations entre Djibouti et le Somaliland, avec la rupture des liens diplomatiques et la rupture de la connexion aérienne entre les deux capitales. La relation entre les deux voisins se caractérise toutefois depuis l’ouverture de représentations réciproques, par des épisodes de rupture et de rapprochements, et des séquences d’ouverture et de fermeture de leur frontière commune. L’Éthiopie, qui a des accords bilatéraux formels depuis le début des années 2000 avec le Somaliland et qui constitue un partenaire constant depuis lors, a gardé le silence sur cette reconnaissance.
Dans quelle mesure cette reconnaissance pourrait-elle bouleverser les équilibres géopolitiques dans la Corne de l’Afrique ?
La reconnaissance du Somaliland par Israël est à la fois un évènement géopolitique majeur et un non-évènement en soi pour la géopolitique de la Corne de l’Afrique. L’analyse globalement admise qui tend à dénoncer la République du Somaliland comme étant la cause, par sa reconnaissance, de la dégradation sécuritaire dans la Corne de l’Afrique semble relever d’une communication certes réussie mais qui résiste mal à l’observation des faits. Aussi convient-il de rappeler que sévit depuis 2023 une guerre sans nom au Soudan, qui est en train de déborder de ses frontières, que le Soudan du Sud est en guerre civile depuis son indépendance en 2011, que l’Éthiopie multiplie les conflits dans toutes les parties de son territoire depuis 2015 et que la Somalie du Sud, dont le conflit a changé d’habits au gré des problématiques internationales, atteint sa 37e année de guerre civile.La Corne de l’Afrique est instable, car des processus profonds sont en cours touchant les constructions nationales territorialisées de tous ses États, et que ces processus sont aggravés par la corridorisation de la région, accentuant les rentes de situations et aggravant les déséquilibres territoriaux alors que sont rarement mis en œuvre des mécanismes de compensation.
Aussi, face au commentaire de l’actualité, il convient de considérer les évènements actuels avec une profondeur historique allant un peu au-delà de décembre 2025 ou de janvier 2024, de constater le progressif raidissement de la Somalie qui voit l’activisme somalilandais pour sa reconnaissance internationale se réveiller à partir de 2017 et bousculer le statu quo, certes inconfortable pour tous, mais relativement fonctionnel depuis 1991.
Les observateurs internationaux s’interrogent sur les raisons propres à Israël pour cette reconnaissance, alors qu’elles sont d’une grande évidence (présence de Houthis au Yémen, proximité de l’Iran, contrôle de la mer Rouge et processus engagé par les accords d’Abraham). Mais la véritable interrogation porte à mon sens beaucoup plus sur les raisons pour lesquelles le Somaliland, à ce moment précis, pouvait accepter une reconnaissance d’Israël. En effet, Israël, représenté en Éthiopie et y ayant initié un certain nombre d’investissements, notamment agricoles dans l’État régional somali d’Éthiopie, a montré un intérêt pour le Somaliland dès sa reprise d’indépendance. Au début des années 2000, une forme de diplomatie sanitaire est mise en place avec l’organisation d’évacuations sanitaires vers Israël d’enfants somalilandais atteints de pathologies cardiaques. Depuis, les tentatives de rapprochement en haut lieu ont été nombreuses.
Au début des années 2020, Abiy Ahmed échoue à établir une « pax arabico-aethiopica » sur une grande Corne de l’Afrique qu’il aurait souhaité unifier. Devant l’accélération du renversement du monde, chacun des deux États, Somalie et Somaliland, en marge de pourparlers qui ne parviennent pas à s’installer, utilisent les cartes régionales et mondiales à leur portée et leurs rentes de situation respectives afin d’arriver à leur fin : la reconnaissance pour le Somaliland et l’intégrité territoriale pour une Somalie qui, avant même d’arriver à la question du Somaliland, peine à faire cohabiter un gouvernement central et des États fédérés qui ne le reconnaissent pas, ce dans un contexte où une immense partie du territoire est administrée par Al-Shabaab, un mouvement terroriste islamiste contre lequel les troupes de l’Union africaine, l’armée turque et les troupes d’élites états-uniennes appuyent l’État somalien
Le Somaliland signe un premier partenariat tripartite avec l’Éthiopie et DPWorld en 2016 pour l’utilisation et la gestion du port de Berbera et du corridor. Le jeune État dont la stratégie de recherche d’une reconnaissance semblait timide depuis plusieurs années, se dote, à partir de 2017, d’un comité en charge de travailler à la reconnaissance et d’établir de nouvelles relations diplomatiques, notamment avec un tour d’Afrique. Les relations avec Taïwan, débutée en 2009, ont abouti en 2019 à leur affirmation et en 2020 à l’échange de représentants et ambassadeurs alors que la Chine avait rétabli une ambassade à Mogadiscio en 2013. Sur fond de conflit frontalier maritime et d’une guerre du khat avec la Somalie, le Kenya se rapproche du Somaliland en 2019, qui ouvre une représentation officielle à Nairobi en 2024. À partir de 2022, les États-Unis effectuent plusieurs visites à Berbera.
Devant cet activisme qui vient brusquer l’histoire, la Somalie se dote d’outils inédits et offensifs : accords militaires bilatéraux avec la Turquie en 2017 puis en 2024 et enfin avec l’Égypte en 2024 et 2025, outils numériques, mise en œuvre d’une loi sur le e-visa exigeant des compagnies aériennes qu’elles ne reconnaissent pas le visa somalilandais en septembre 2025, et instrumentalisation des dynamiques centripètes au Somaliland, ce alors que le fondement de l’État somalilandais repose sur l’allégeance initiale des clans au projet national.
La profonde crise politique entre le Somaliland et la Somalie s’intensifiant depuis plusieurs années, dans le contexte d’une Corne de l’Afrique en mouvement, il devenait urgent pour le Somaliland de se protéger face à un État somalien très appuyé.
Il serait plus juste de lire que ce sont les bouleversements des équilibres géopolitiques de la Corne de l’Afrique et dans le monde depuis 2015 qui ont présidé à la reconnaissance du Somaliland par Israël.
Est-ce la « mauvaise reconnaissance » ?
Depuis l’adoption de sa Constitution en 2001, la République du Somaliland misait sur la reconnaissance incontestable de ses avancées démocratiques pour obtenir une reconnaissance qui lui semblait méritée. Par ailleurs, faisant valoir son indépendance du protectorat britannique du 26 juin 1960 et de ce fait le respect de la Charte de l’Union africaine attachée à l’intangibilité des frontières héritées de la colonisation, ainsi que la non-ratification de l’acte d’Union avec la Somalie et le non-respect par Mogadiscio des principes de l’Union entre 1960 et 1991, le Somaliland estimait sa recherche d’indépendance suffisamment légitime au regard du droit international pour être reconnu. Il est vite apparu évident qu’être un bon élève ne suffirait pas à obtenir la reconnaissance des Nations unies attendant celle des organisations régionales dont la Somalie est membre : l’IGAD et la Ligue arabe. Pour des raisons tenant à leur géopolitique interne et au grand jeu régional, aucun État membre de l’IGAD, particulièrement l’attendue Éthiopie n’allait le reconnaitre. Pour des raisons tenant aux relations entre l’Égypte et l’Éthiopie la Ligue arabe s’est, dès les années 1990, positionnée pour une Somalie réunifiée et forte face à l’Éthiopie. Dès lors, la reconnaissance ne pouvait arriver que d’une puissance internationale pour ses intérêts propres. Et une telle reconnaissance n’allait intervenir que dans un contexte de crise internationale – tel que les crispations autour de la mer Rouge. Dans cette configuration, toute reconnaissance l’aurait été « pour de mauvaises raisons », c’est-à-dire pour les raisons de l’autre et dans un jeu géopolitique déjà engagé dans la région.
Il faut se méfier des raisonnements par « axes internationaux » : il y a de la part des Somalilandais un profond sentiment de souveraineté et la certitude qu’ils maîtrisent leur destin et qu’une alliance n’est jamais une allégeance. C’est une vision de la souveraineté très partagée dans la Corne de l’Afrique, où les alliances à des blocs ont toujours été opportunistes et jamais idéologiques, et où d’autres États parviennent à gérer des alliances contraires, et ont d’ailleurs réussi à préserver des relations tant avec la Somalie qu’avec le Somaliland.
Ainsi, dans la configuration actuelle de la Corne de l’Afrique et de ses alliances, le Somaliland avait-il une alternative à cette reconnaissance ?
L’article Somaliland : longue route vers la reconnaissance est apparu en premier sur IRIS.
Az ötvenes-hatvanas években egy magyar átlagember csak nagy ritkán jutott kézzelfogható közelségbe egy helikopterhez. Az ilyen alkalmak közé tartozott, amikor a Budapesti Nemzetközi Vásár (BNV) elődje, a Budapesti Ipari Vásár alkalmából lengyel és szovjet forgószárnyasok a fővárosba repültek. A május elsejei felvonulások és az április 4-i díszszemlék helyszínén, az egykori Felvonulási téren (ma Ötvenhatosok tere) készült fotókra a fortepan.hu oldalon bukkantam.
Mi-1-es, 1959
A lengyel gép látogatása idején 1959-et mutatott a naptár. A Mi-1-esek két év múlva jelentek meg a magyar katonai repülésben, ahol bő két évtizedig szolgáltak
A csillagmotor a helikopter bal oldalára függesztett apró póttartályból táplálkozott
Az időrendet tartva, kezdjük a Mi-1-essel. Az SP-SAE lengyel lajstromjelet viselő gép nem a Felvonulási téren szállt le, hanem közvetlenül mellette, a Városligetben, valószínűleg ott, ahol ma a Magyar Zene Háza áll. Maradjunk a Mi-1-es típusjelzésnél, de valójában egy lengyel gyártású SM-1-es változattal van dolgunk. A lengyelek 1956-ban még a Szovjetunióból szállított alkatrészekből szerelték össze az első négy gépet. Az első, teljes egészében a WSK-Swidniknél gyártott Mi-1-es 1957-ben hagyta el a gyárat és a gyártás egészen 1965-ig folytatódott. A Lengyelországban gyártott Mi-1-esek kilencven százaléka a Szovjetunióba került, de jutott belőlük többek között Magyarországra is. A Magyar Néphadsereg 1961 és 1982 között 27 darabot üzemeltetett a típusból, egy gépet ideiglenes jelleggel, egy másik példányt pedig véglegesen is átadott a rendőrségnek. A piros-fehér-zöld csillagos magyar felségjellel repült Mi-1-esek közül a típus 1982-es kivonásakor már csak tizenhat állt szolgálatban. 1959-be visszatérve: a Városligetben kiállított SP-SAE egy SM-1/600-as változat volt, amelynél a forgószárny lapátok élettartamát 600 órára sikerült növelni a kezdeti 150-ről. A lengyelek a Mi-1-es héthengeres AI-24-es csillagmotorjának licencét is megkapták és 1957-től Lit-3 jelzéssel gyártották.
Vendredi 24 avril 2026 à 18 heures au Vauban (3, rue Théodore-Monod 35400 Saint-Malo)
- Agenda / AilleursSign at No Kings demonstration. Credit: Peter Costantini
By Peter Costantini
SEATTLE. USA, Apr 24 2026 (IPS)
This is the second part of a three-part commentary. Read Part 1: No Kings? Meet King Don and King John – Part 1 of 3 to start from the beginning. Part 3 of 3
Habeas tattoo?Among Trump’s most outrageous assaults on the rule of law has been an array of legal wrecking balls demolishing due process, habeas corpus, related foundational rights, and the separation of powers in the bargain.
For many years, his target of choice for these efforts has been immigrants. But in his second term, not only has he escalated his persecution of those with and without protected immigration status, he has also increasingly attacked the rights of U.S. citizens to free speech, assembly, the press, due process, and freedom from unreasonable search and seizure. The targets have included journalists and news sources, academics and universities, state and local governments, corporate officials, military officers, Federal employees, and members of Congress.
One operation of Trump’s mass deportation machine stands out as a template for negating the rule of law: the summary removal, without anything resembling due process, of 261 mainly Venezuelan immigrants to El Salvador’s CECOT mega-prison (Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo – Terrorism Confinement Center). They were given no prior notice of their deportation and were not told their destination. For 137 Venezuelans, The Trump administration invoked the 1798 Alien Enemies Act (AEA) which, it claimed, allowed summary deportations without recourse to habeas corpus or other due process. The other 101 Venezuelans and 23 Salvadorans were also summarily deported, under uncertain statutory authority. Once in CECOT, many were disappeared indefinitely without appeal, held incommunicado without contact with families or attorneys, and routinely tortured.
The Alien Enemies Act allows nationals of enemy countries during wartime to be summarily expelled or detained. It was last invoked during World War Two to imprison American citizens of Japanese ancestry in concentration camps, an injustice for which the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 formally apologized.
President Trump justified the use of the AEA because, he claimed, the Venezuelans were members of Tren de Aragua (TdA – Train of Aragua), a metastasized former prison gang. He claimed that TdA was a “narco-terrorist” organization controlled by the Venezuelan government that had invaded the U.S. and was in a state of war with this country. He used these assertions to justify invoking the AEA, posting on Truth Social: “These are the monsters sent into our Country by Crooked Joe Biden and the Radical Left Democrats. How dare they! Thank you to El Salvador and, in particular, President Bukele, for your understanding of this horrible situation.” In effect, Trump was trying to outsource his violations of constitutional rights to a small friendly dictatorship.
On March 15, 2025, the date the removal flights were scheduled to take the detainees to El Salvador, the non-governmental American Civil Liberties Union filed an emergency petition in federal court to stay the removals. Federal Judge James Boasberg, a George W. Bush appointee, immediately ordered the deportations paused. All the deportees, he ruled, had to be brought back to the U.S. and offered due process to defend themselves against removal.
Although Boasberg demanded that even planes already in the air be turned around, the Trump administration said that the orders came too late and it couldn’t recall the planes. It also claimed to have no control over El Salvador, although it had paid that country at least $6 million to imprison the men. Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele, the self-described “world’s coolest dictator”, posted sardonically on X: “Oopsie!” The court rejected all of these arguments, but nevertheless the planes delivered the deportees to the Salvadoran mega-prison.
Later in March, Boasberg told the government that it must prove that those targeted for removal are in fact “alien enemies” and allow them to challenge the designation before deporting them. The Trump administration ignored the court’s ruling, and went on expelling more Venezuelans and Salvadorans to El Salvador, arguing that courts had no jurisdiction over what it called foreign policy.
In this stalemate, some observers questioned whether the executive branch was effectively placing itself above constitutional restraints such as habeas corpus by intentionally ignoring valid orders from the judiciary.
Trump and Congressional Republicans bitterly attacked Judge Boasberg and called for his impeachment. This prompted Supreme Court Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. to issue a rare rebuke, reminding them that impeachment is not an “appropriate response” when disagreeing with a judicial decision.
An appeals court ruled in March that the Trump administration was denying the detainees’ due process. “Nazis got better treatment under the Alien Enemy Act,” commented one judge.
In April, the Supreme Court allowed the government to continue deportations on the technicality that the detainees had filed for relief against summary removal in the wrong court. But it also affirmed that “an individual subject to detention and removal under that statute [the AEA] is entitled to ‘judicial review’” and advance notice.
Outside of the courts, the non-governmental organization Human Rights Watch accused the U.S. and Salvadoran governments of “enforced disappearances and arbitrary detention” of the Venezuelan deportees. “These enforced disappearances are a grave violation of international human rights law,” said Juanita Goebertus, Americas director at HRW. “The cruelty of the US and Salvadoran governments has put these people outside the protection of the law and caused immense pain to their families.”
Several news organizations investigated the alleged criminal records and gang affiliations of the Venezuelan men, and found them mostly non-existent. The New York Times reported that “most of the men do not have criminal records in the United States or elsewhere in the region, beyond immigration offenses” and “very few of them appear to have any clear, documented links to the Venezuelan gang.”
The ACLU filed Homeland Security’s “Alien Enemies Act Validation Guide” as an exhibit in a lawsuit. Verónica Egui Brito of the Miami Herald analyzed this “scorecard”, which the agency had used to determine whether the accused were members of Tren de Aragua.
It turned out that two of the criteria that supposedly indicated gang membership were certain tattoos and “urban street wear” such as jerseys and sneakers featuring basketball great Michael Jordan and his Chicago Bulls. But experts on Latin American gangs pointed out that TdA did not use specific tattoo images to identify its members. USA Today reported that internal Federal Bureau of Investigations and Department of Homeland Security documents have for years questioned the validity of using tattoos to identify TdA members. As to the Jordan and Bulls merch, it has long been among the most popular street fashions in much of the world, and could probably be used to falsely accuse thousands of young men in most cities of gang membership.
The whole “validation guide” appeared less a serious tool for criminology than the Trumpian equivalent of a Dick Tracy Magic Decoder, designed to help immigration “crimestoppers” detain anyone whose markings, clothing, accent, or skin tone struck them as suspicious.
Some of the men’s families also challenged the deportations, denying that the men were gang members or criminals at all. A few deportees became causes célèbres.
Most notoriously, the U.S. government admitted that Kilmar Abrego Garcia, a Salvadoran man with a U.S.-citizen wife and child, had been removed by mistake. The Supreme Court ordered that the government bring him back to the U.S. Yet even after that, the Trump administration tried to prevent Abrego Garcia from returning, and at first Bukele flatly refused to let him go. After Abrego Garcia was finally repatriated, the Trump administration tried to charge him with an unrelated minor infraction, then to deport him to one of several African countries. Costa Rica offered to take Abrego Garcia and he accepted, but the Trump administration refused. In February 2026, a judge ruled that ICE could not re-detain him. But the government continues to litigate his case.
In the face of strong exculpatory evidence for most of the deportees, then-Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem opined: “They should stay there [in the Salvadoran prison] for the rest of their lives.”
Finally, after four months of imprisoning the Venezuelans in CECOT under its proprietary interpretation of the Alien Enemies Act, the Trump administration abruptly sent most of them back to Venezuela in a swap of prisoners.
In December 2025, Judge Boasberg rejected most of the government’s arguments on the merits of the case, including Trump’s premises for invoking the AEA, and found that the U.S. denied the men due process. Finally in February, he issued an order that any of the deported Venezuelans who still wanted to challenge their removal had to be allowed to return to the U.S., with travel expenses paid by the U.S. government, to continue their immigration cases in court. The judge and the Venezuelans’ counsel, however, recognized that only a few of the men were likely to accept the offer.
In the emerging reality, there was a remarkable lack of evidence that any of the 200-plus deportees were actually members of Tren de Aragua, or that more than a handful had committed any serious crime. Beyond that, the Trump administration’s cases rested on a series of evidentiary dominos that cascaded down with a few pushes from legal and journalistic investigations.
In presidential debates during 2024, Trump falsely claimed that members of Tren de Aragua had “taken over” Aurora, Colorado, and other U.S. cities.
In fact, it turned out that a small number of armed young men, whom the police had not linked to TdA, had committed burglaries and firearm offenses against the residents of a couple of run-down apartment complexes with some Venezuelan residents. One of them, and nine others suspected of ties with the gang, were arrested by the police. The Aurora police chief told USA Today that “the city is not taken over by gangs”, and that, as in most other metropolitan areas, there were gangs there before any Venezuelans moved in.
Further investigations by several news organizations found that TdA is not a major drug smuggling enterprise, just a former prison gang that was evicted from prison and spread out to prey largely on Venezuelan refugees in South America. Around 90 percent of the nearly 8 million Venezuelans who have left their country went elsewhere in Latin America; only about 10 percent came to the U.S. A national survey by USA Today of federal, state and local law enforcement found that, despite claims of thousands of TdA gangsters, authorities had arrested fewer than 135 confirmed members. These have mainly committed petty street crimes such as purse-snatching, retail theft, and jewelry store robberies, many against other Venezuelans.
TdA bears little resemblance to the major cartels and maras of Mexico and Central America. These operate more like big transnational corporations heavy with advanced armaments, lawyers, and accountants. They are the ones who produce and smuggle most of the drugs entering the U.S., particularly fentanyl, the most deadly. The small gangs of Venezuelan petty thieves in a few cities were well within the capabilities of local law enforcement to dismantle with normal police work.
A key element of White House arguments for invoking the Alien Enemies Act was that Tren de Aragua was controlled by the Venezuelan government. However, this claim was also contradicted in an internal assessment by an elite forum of U.S. spy agencies. The National Intelligence Council concluded in a “Sense of the Community Memorandum”: “ [T]he Maduro regime probably does not have a policy of cooperating with TDA and is not directing TDA movement to and operations in the United States.”
Joe Kent, Trump’s former head of counterterrorism, asked the Council to reconsider these findings. It did so, and came back with the same conclusions. Not long after, Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard removed Michael Collins, a veteran intelligence analyst, from his post as acting chair of the Council.
The affair suggested that Kent, Gabbard, White House advisor Steven Miller, and their crew were trying to provide Trump with bespoke intelligence, custom tailored to fit whatever fabricated casus belli he was trying to invent. But some career intelligence professionals pushed back, calling bullshit on their manipulations.
Other dominos fell as more Trump claims were discredited by well-established geopolitical realities. The President claimed that he had saved tens of thousands of lives by dismantling Tren de Aragua and keeping drugs out of the U.S. However, the only drug responsible for large numbers of overdose deaths in the U.S. is fentanyl, a powerful opioid, which is almost exclusively produced in and exported from Mexico.
Venezuela reportedly plays little to no role in the fentanyl trade. Nor is it a major producer of cocaine or other drugs. It is mainly a trans-shipment corridor for cocaine from other South American countries headed for Europe, not the U.S.
In the end, the courts upheld the rights of some of the Venezuelan detainees trampled by Trump. But the long delays and tortures they suffered made those rights seem more aspirational than enforceable.
Beyond the Venezuelans, the rejection by the Trump administration of immigrants’ rights to habeas corpus and due process has been pandemic across the U.S.
An investigation by Reuters found that since October 2025, hundreds of judges have ruled more than 4,400 times that the government is unlawfully detaining immigrants, yet the government has continued the illegal detentions undeterred. This ignoring of or delay in complying with court orders has also made a travesty of the separation of powers, which requires that the executive branch respect the rulings of the judiciary.
A federal judge ordered the release of one such detainee, writing: “It is appalling that the Government insists that this Court should redefine or completely disregard the current law as it is clearly written.”
Many of these attacks on immigrants seem to be obvious violations of U.S. and international immigration laws. While some have been successfully remedied in court, they may also be a disturbing test run: the President has openly floated the idea of deporting U.S. citizens who have been convicted of serious crimes to El Salvador and imprisoning them there indefinitely without due process.
He has also tried to criminalize assistance to immigrants by arresting and, in a few notorious cases, killing or gravely injuring U.S. citizens who were trying to defend their neighbors against violence and harassment by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and other immigration agencies.
“The path to authoritarianism is being built on the backs of immigrants”, asserted Kiko Matos, President of the National Immigration Law Center, in TIME magazine. “While [the Trump administration is] ostensibly targeting immigrants, what is being constructed is both the infrastructure and compliance that will facilitate a broader loss of rights for all Americans.”
There’s a familiar progression that Trump and his cadre have inflicted on their shifting scapegoats. They start by branding immigrants as dangerous individual criminals, a go-to move of nativists for centuries. Then they escalate to alleging that they are gangsters working for foreign cartels. Then they try to link those cartels to an enemy government and declare them “narco-terrorists”.
Moving on to other targets, it’s easy to apply this field-tested stratagem to those who Trump calls “the enemy within”. And so protesters, activists, civil society groups, opposition politicians and other critics end up labeled “domestic terrorists”.
A similar public-relations gambit was used against the crews and passengers of small boats in the Caribbean north of Venezuela and the eastern Pacific.
This is the second part of a three-part commentary. Read Part 1: No Kings? Meet King Don and King John – Part 1 of 3 to start from the beginning. Part 3 of 3
Protests ahead of the 1st Conference Transitioning away from Fossil Fuels. Credit: Kefas Matos
By Umar Manzoor Shah
SRINAGAR, Apr 24 2026 (IPS)
A high-stakes international summit in Colombia starting today (April 24) is expected to sharpen global efforts to phase out fossil fuels, as governments, scientists and Indigenous leaders warn that the world is running out of time to avert irreversible climate damage.
During a virtual press briefing on April 16, Colombia’s Environment Ministry and a diverse panel of experts outlined expectations from the upcoming Fossil Fuel Phase-Out Summit in Santa Marta. The event is being positioned as a critical platform to accelerate energy transition and address mounting pressure from Indigenous communities living on the frontlines of extraction.
It was at the Belém Climate Conference in 2025, wherein a coalition of over 80 countries unanimously decided to act decisively to phase out fossil fuels that have been driving three quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions.
On the sidelines, 24 countries went further: they issued the Belém Declaration, pledging to work collectively toward a just, orderly, and equitable transition aligned with 1.5°C pathways. To this end, Colombia and the Netherlands volunteered to co-host the First International Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels.
The Conference is taking place from 24 to 29 April 2026 in Santa Marta, Colombia. The organisers invited 97 national governments and 30 subnational governments. The high-level segment convenes on April 28–29, 2026.
“We are in a moment of no return. It is clear that there is climate change and that there is no denialism. This is the moment… to accelerate the transition and the progressive elimination of fossil fuels,” said Luz Dary Carmona Moreno, Colombia’s Vice Minister for Environmental Land Use Planning.
The summit comes at a time of growing geopolitical tension and continued global dependence on fossil fuels. Carmona noted that conflicts and economic instability continue to be shaped by oil, gas, and coal and stressed that there is an urgent need for structural change.
“The economy continues depending on fossil fuels,” she said, pointing to global crises that reflect the entrenched role of hydrocarbons.
Colombia has framed the Santa Marta conference around three strategic pillars. The first focuses on overcoming global dependence on fossil fuels. The second addresses transformation of supply and demand systems. The third seeks to rethink multilateral cooperation frameworks.
Carmona emphasised that the conference aims to produce a concrete roadmap, backed by science, public participation, and political will.
“This conference seeks common points to accelerate the transition, concrete actions and enablers that allow that acceleration,” she said.
The event has already drawn strong international participation. According to Colombian officials, 45 countries have confirmed attendance, along with 13 ministers and a broad coalition of civil society groups, indigenous organisations, academics, and private sector actors.
More than 2,800 participants, including grassroots organisations, Indigenous communities, youth groups, and labour unions, have registered to take part.
Indigenous Leaders Warn of “Unjust Transition”
For Indigenous leaders, however, the urgency of the climate crisis is matched by frustration over what they describe as a gap between rhetoric and reality.
Oswaldo Muca, General Coordinator of the Organisation of Indigenous Peoples of the Colombian Amazon (OPIAC), said communities continue to bear the brunt of extraction despite promises of a “just transition”.
“We are very concerned. We talk about a just transition, but in practice it is not true,” Muca said.
He described ongoing environmental degradation in Indigenous territories, including illegal mining, deforestation and mercury contamination.
“Mining continues. Extraction continues. Deforestation continues. The territories and Indigenous peoples continue suffering this problem, and it is becoming more serious every day,” he said.
Muca also criticised the lack of direct benefits for local communities, noting that profits from extraction often leave the country while environmental damage remains.
“The resources do not reach Indigenous territories but they destroy the territory and leave the damage,” he said.
He called for Indigenous participation at every stage of policymaking, from design to implementation, across technical, political, legal and financial dimensions.
Science Points to Sharp Cuts
Scientific findings presented during the briefing reinforced the scale of transformation required.
Dr Marcel Llavero Pasquina, a researcher at the University of Barcelona, said limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would require drastic reductions in fossil fuel production.
“Eighty-six percent of oil and gas reserves currently under production should be prematurely decommissioned,” he said.
Even under a less ambitious 2-degree scenario, at least 12% of producing reserves would need to be phased out.
Pasquina also warned that no new fossil fuel exploration is compatible with global climate targets. “At least 10,000 of the existing oil and gas extraction contracts should be cancelled,” he said.
He highlighted the economic tensions shaping climate negotiations, noting that fossil fuel companies stand to lose trillions of dollars under transition scenarios.
“Fossil fuel companies… have a material and quantifiable conflict of interest,” he said, arguing they should be excluded from climate policymaking.
At the same time, governments face significant fiscal challenges, with potential revenue losses estimated at US$117 trillion globally under a 1.5-degree pathway. Still, Pasquina stressed that these costs are outweighed by the human and environmental toll of inaction.
“These transition costs are dwarfed by the climate costs communities would otherwise suffer,” he said.
Policy Momentum Builds
Despite the scale of the challenge, policy experts pointed to growing momentum worldwide.
Paola Yanguas Parra, a policy advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, said governments have already begun implementing measures to restrict fossil fuel expansion.
“We found… 58 active restrictions, which go from bans and moratoria to exploration and licensing,” she said.
These measures include protections for ecologically and culturally significant areas such as the Amazon, as well as restrictions on extraction methods like fracking.
Yanguas Parra noted that such policies often make economic sense in addition to environmental benefits.
“You would take a huge environmental, social and climate cost… for something that would not even make you enough profit,” she said, referring to unviable extraction projects in remote regions.
She added that the summit offers an opportunity to shift global discussions from whether to transition away from fossil fuels to how to implement that transition effectively.
“This coalition will focus on implementation, on learning from each other,” she said.
Amazon at a Crossroads
Speakers from across the Amazon basin warned that the region is increasingly being treated as a new frontier for fossil fuel expansion.
Alana Manchineri, an Indigenous leader from Brazil, described the climate crisis as an immediate reality rather than a distant threat.
“There is no more space for delays,” she said.
She warned that oil and gas projects are already causing widespread damage, including water contamination, biodiversity loss and rising conflict.
“It is not just environmental damage but violations of rights and ways of life,” she said.
According to Indigenous organisations, more than 320,000 square kilometres of Indigenous land in the Amazon basin are already affected by oil and gas blocks.
Manchineri stressed that any transition must fully incorporate Indigenous knowledge and leadership.
“This path will only be legitimate and effective with the full participation of Indigenous peoples,” she said.
Beyond COP: Complement, Not Replacement
Panellists repeatedly emphasised that the Santa Marta summit is not intended to replace existing UN climate processes but to complement them.
“There are groups of countries… that have gathered to discuss more focused issues,” Yanguas Parra said, describing the summit as part of a broader ecosystem of climate cooperation.
Pasquina offered a more critical view, arguing that while UN climate negotiations have produced frameworks like the Paris Agreement, they have failed to curb rising emissions.
“The COP has been a great success on paper. In reality, emissions have only been increasing,” he said.
He suggested that initiatives like Santa Marta could increase pressure on countries that have resisted stronger action.
A Test of Political Will
As preparations intensify, expectations for the summit remain high. Colombian officials say the final outcome will be a report outlining actionable steps and mechanisms to accelerate transition.
“We want the report not to remain just another document. We expect people to turn it into action,” Carmona said.
For many participants, the success of the summit will depend on whether it delivers concrete commitments rather than broad declarations.
Indigenous leaders, in particular, say the credibility of the process hinges on real inclusion and tangible change on the ground.
“If we do not take real and effective actions. We can talk about a just transition, but in reality, other mechanisms will continue destroying the territory,” Muca warned.
IPS UN Bureau Report
Follow @IPSNewsUNBureau