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Wisdom of the Crowds on a North Korean Collapse

Foreign Policy Blogs - Mon, 23/10/2017 - 12:30

 

 

As part of the 69th anniversary of the Armed Forces Day in South Korea, special army soldiers staged a skills demonstration performance at the 2nd Fleet Parade Ground in Pyeongtaek.  (The National/UAE)

On October 1, China kicked off its celebration of the 68th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic with a giant basket of flowers in Tiananmen Square.  A few days earlier in South Korea, military officials displayed their latest weaponry to commemorate the 69th anniversary of the country’s Armed Forces Day, which normally falls on October 1.  Next door in North Korea, things were quiet, despite predictions by some analysts that Pyongyang would specifically choose to spoil their neighbors’ celebrations with another nuclear test.

North Korea’s latest nuclear test, its sixth, took place on September 3 and was widely considered to be its most powerful yet – around 16 times more powerful than the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.  The test quickly caught the attention not only of South Korea and China, but of the U.N. Security Council, which unanimously passed a U.S.-drafted resolution on September 11 to impose new sanctions on North Korea.  

China, a U.N. Security Council member, immediately ordered North Korean companies and Chinese joint ventures with North Korean companies operating in its territory to close down by early January.  China also cut oil exports to North Korea, banned textile trade, and closed some bank accounts in China held by North Koreans, froze others, and banned the opening of new accounts.

Yet despite the ostensibly strong actions taken by Beijing, their national day passed peacefully.  Perhaps Beijing’s large shipment of corn (up 4,586 percent in August from a year earlier) and wheat (up 5,405 percent from a year earlier) to North Korea in August helped saved the day.  For Seoul, their approval of $8 million in aid for North Korean infants and pregnant women (just days after the vote on sanctions) may have also saved their Armed Forces Day from provocation.

The recent humanitarian aid granted by Beijing and Seoul may have saved the October 1 celebrations, but the latest round of economic sanctions is intended to be enforced and squeeze Pyongyang into submission.  Unfortunately, this late in the game, Pyongyang is unwilling to give up or bargain away its security blanket of nuclear capability.  Having ruled out both the capitulation of Pyongyang over its nuclear toys and the likelihood of preemptive strikes and the destruction this could entail, some analysts are predicting the regime will collapse under its own weight.  But what are the chances of collapse and how would it occur?  

The prospects for North Korea’s collapse have been mooted before, including an 11-day simulation conducted this same time last year by Wikistrat, a geopolitical crowdsourced consultancy.  By crowdsourcing information from more than 70 of its analysts, Wikistrat simulated various collapse scenarios and mapped out the expected response of major state actors in the region.

The simulation revealed a majority (65%) of Wikistrat analysts predicted the collapse of North Korea would occur within five to ten years.  The top three causes put forth were: 1) Retaliatory Foreign Military Intervention; 2) Kim Dies of Poor Health; and 3) Internal Coup.  While the death of Kim Jong-un ranked high among the causes of North Korea’s fall, most analysts (85%) expected Kim to preside over the country at the time of collapse.

Following a collapse, Wikistrat analysts predicted Moscow may have the most to gain from North Korea’s collapse, with Japan, a U.S. treaty ally, looking to the U.S. for direction.  They also predicted any Chinese action could be preempted by South Korean forces moving rapidly to exert influence, although such unilateral action would be tremendously destabilizing.  As to the securing of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the analysts believe these were best left in the hands of Beijing – provided efforts were done either in cooperation with the U.S. or carried out in such a way that Washington, Tokyo and Seoul were convinced the threat had been eliminated.  Indeed, most Wikistrat analysts argued the U.S. would have little incentive to contest Chinese primacy over most aspects of a North Korean collapse.

But collapse is not a foregone conclusion – the Wikistrat simulation noted Beijing’s strong desire to keep the Korean peninsula divided, maintain stability in North Korea (to prevent the U.S. or South Korea from intervening), and ensure the North Korean regime remains more or less under Chinese tutelage.

Recent humanitarian aid from Seoul and Beijing appear to confirm their preference for the status quo over preemptive actions, and may ward off any further launches during Xi Jinping’s 19th Party Congress starting on October 18.  Yet as North Korea’s leverage grows with each advance of its nuclear program, and if economic sanctions are enforced and enlarged, the ability of Seoul and Beijing to maintain stability on the peninsula will weaken.  Further gaming out of specific outcomes should be undertaken urgently by all concerned powers to consider the worst possible scenarios, and prepare their respective citizens should the inflammatory rhetoric between Washington, Beijing and Pyongyang continue and lead to military action.

The post Wisdom of the Crowds on a North Korean Collapse appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

Chine, les visages de la justice ordinaire

Politique étrangère (IFRI) - Mon, 23/10/2017 - 09:30

Cette recension a été publiée dans le numéro d’automne de Politique étrangère (n°3/2017).
Émilie Frenkiel propose une analyse de l’ouvrage de Stéphanie Balme, Chine, les visages de la justice ordinaire (Presses de Sciences Po, 2016, 336 pages).

Dans cet ouvrage qui se veut synthétique et pédagogique sur l’évolution de la justice depuis la fin de la Révolution culturelle, Stéphanie Balme rassemble le fruit de plusieurs années de recherches et d’enquêtes de terrain. Elle y dresse un bilan contrasté : malgré la modernisation et l’importation du droit positif et l’importante place du droit dans la société chinoise (explosion des publications juridiques, conscience du droit, mouvement de défense des droits), on observe « des écarts béants » entre le discours officiel omniprésent sur l’importance du droit et du principe constitutionnel de « gouvernement conforme au droit » (yifa zhiguo), et la réalité. La pratique juridique, encore ancrée fortement dans les traditions impériale et socialiste, se caractérise par une forte dépendance vis-à-vis des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif, un rapport punitif au droit, un recours régulier aux procédures parajudiciaires (telle la médiation traitée au chapitre 4).

Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés aux principales étapes de la transformation juridique des 40 dernières années. Après le maoïsme et sa conception d’une justice populaire de masse peu encline aux procédures formelles, ce n’est que dans les années 1990 que la justice redevient une priorité pour la Chine, avec des réformes juridiques pragmatiques et expérimentales élaborées par un parti scientiste souhaitant répondre aux nouvelles attentes sociales.

Malgré un processus de modernisation, passant par la normalisation, la profes­sionnalisation et l’informatisation de la justice chinoise, le Parti communiste chinois refuse les principes et les mécanismes techniques (autonomisation de la justice, hiérarchie des normes constitutionnellement garantie, etc.) au fondement de l’élaboration d’un état de droit.

L’explosion du nombre de litiges civils (8 millions par an), instrument de contestation, témoigne d’un meilleur accès à la justice pour les justiciables, mais cette dernière est totalement soumise aux contingences des pouvoirs locaux et centraux, qui s’assurent que chaque décision de justice est politiquement correcte et socialement acceptable (chapitre 3). L’auteur décrit également le populisme judiciaire qui consacre le pouvoir de l’opinion publique, surtout en ligne. Le chapitre 5, consacré aux réformes de la justice pénale, présente un autre angle de ces évolutions contrastées : de réelles améliorations sont à noter concernant la justice des mineurs et la réduction du nombre de condamnations à la peine capitale, en même temps que le pouvoir dont bénéficient encore les organes de la sécurité publique, notamment dans le cas de détentions en résidence surveillée, autorise tous les abus. En effet, si le crime de « contre-révolutionnaire » a été retiré de la loi pénale en 1997, c’est pour être remplacé par celui d’ « atteinte à la sécurité de l’État ». La philosophie pénale est restée centrée sur la nécessité de sauvegarder l’ordre public, et les termes vagues utilisés par la loi de procédure pénale permettent des décisions arbitraires. De plus, la prégnance de la culture de l’aveu limite l’efficacité des mesures pour ­lutter contre l’usage de la torture.

Ce panorama se clôt sur l’impossibilité d’une justice constitutionnelle en Chine, du fait de la censure de son patrimoine constitutionnel pourtant riche, et de la répression infaillible (dont témoigne le décès du principal signataire de la charte 08 lors de la rédaction de cette recension) des rares avocats, juristes et autres militants critiquant l’état de droit minimal prôné par le constitutionnalisme officiel.

Émilie Frenkiel

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En Suisse, faux emplois pour vrais chômeurs

Le Monde Diplomatique - Sun, 22/10/2017 - 17:53
Pendant que les syndicats et le patronat s'apprêtent à renégocier, fin 2013, la convention d'assurance-chômage française, la Suisse, elle, pousse jusqu'à son terme la logique d'activation, c'est-à-dire la politique visant à remettre au travail ceux que l'on soupçonne toujours de fainéantise. / Suisse, (...) / , , , , , - 2013/07

Darboussier, mémoire tenace de l'esclavage

Le Monde Diplomatique - Sat, 21/10/2017 - 17:46
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Quand l'art du roman s'empare de l'histoire

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Rational Security on The E.R.: The “Decertified” Edition

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 23:13
Trump deems Iran in violation of the “worst deal ever.”

‘Ghost Soldiers’: Too Many U.S.-Trained Afghans Are Going AWOL

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 22:44
Some 13 percent of Afghan military personnel training in the United States last year went AWOL.

Syrian Reconstruction Spells Juicy Contracts for Russian, Iranian Firms

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 19:42
Bombed-out cities meant death and destruction. Now they promise billions of dollars — for new construction.

Xi Jinping Has Quietly Chosen His Own Successor

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 19:34
Meet Chen Miner, the man who has been getting groomed to run China — without anyone in the West seeming to notice.

Pentagon Report: IED Casualties Surge in Afghanistan

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 18:31
Roadside bomb attacks are falling overall, except in Afghanistan.

Jeff Sessions Just Confessed His Negligence on Russia

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 18:27
The attorney general is aware of the threat Moscow poses to American elections — he just hasn’t done anything about it.

This Whole Gold Star Mess

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Trump does not appear to understand military service

My time in the rotation helps show why our approach in Afghanistan is doomed

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 17:06
The U.S. military’s way of operating in Afghanistan is a recipe for failure.

Today’s briefing

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 16:32
A Bangor police dog takes the podium.

Searching the Communications of Americans Should Require a Warrant

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 16:07
Congress would be right to reform FISA.

How the Muslim World Lost the Freedom to Choose

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 15:40
A brave new book describes how Pakistan unraveled — and provides a blueprint for understanding declining pluralism across the Middle East.

Relire Marcuse pour ne pas vivre comme des porcs

Le Monde Diplomatique - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 15:37
Le récent trentenaire de mai 68 a donné lieu a d'assez consternantes autocélébrations. Bien installés dans le confort mou de leur respectabilité actuelle, quelques anciennes « gloires » du mouvement ont parlé de Mai comme d'un passé à tout jamais englouti par l'histoire. Tout en exaltant la révolte (...) / , - 1998/08

SitRep: FBI Steps In to Aid Niger Probe, Pompeo Breaks Ranks

Foreign Policy - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 15:28
CIA on Russia, Iran and al Qaeda and the weekly wrap.

Bangladeshi Hindu activist: Let’s establish diplomatic relations with Israel

Foreign Policy Blogs - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 12:30

Shipan Kumer Basu with Israeli diplomat Mendi Safadi

In recent times, the Bangladeshi Hindu community has been persecuted immensely by the Awami League government. Due to this horrendous oppression experienced by the Bangladeshi Hindu community, Shipan Kumar Basu, the head of the Hindu Struggle Committee, seeks to topple the Awami League government and has asked for Israeli assistance in doing this: “We will establish diplomatic relations with Israel if they will help us topple the Bangladeshi government. Israel will then be able to establish business ties with Bangladesh. Israel has nothing to lose and on the other hand, there will be another friend.”

Basu claims that there is grounds to overthrow the Awami League government since the removal of the Hindu Chief Justice was unconstitutional, a move that is presently being challenged in court: “Recently, the Hindu community has faced many atrocities committed by the ruling party and their personnel. A young Hindu college boy was kidnapped and his body was found in the main office of the ruling party. A Hindu teacher was raped in front of her husband at work. Her husband, who came to see her at the school, was severely beaten up and locked in a different room. There have been numerous incidents like this in our country after the constitutional amendment crisis.”

The constitutional amendment crisis began when the ruling party in Bangladesh sought to impose the 16th amendment, which the Bangladeshi Chief Justice considered unconstitutional. The 16th amendment empowers the parliament to remove Supreme Court justices if allegations of incapability and misconduct are proven to be true. The Bangladeshi Chief justice believed that an independent judicial body and not the parliament should determine whether allegations of incapability and misconduct are proven to be true since the sham elections of 2014 illustrated that the parliament was not an impartial democratic body.

The ruling Awami League Party was furious with the Chief Justice for this ruling. Since they appointed him, they expected him to be on their side rather than to be an impartial judge. Since then Bangladeshi Chief Justice Surendra Kumer Sinha was Hindu, the entire Hindu community within Bangladesh has been targeted. According to Basu, “The hatred within the Awami League Party against Hindus has risen to new dimensions. As long as the Hindus followed the Awami League like slaves, they were given the status of being second class citizens within the country. Now, when the Hindus have risen up and spoken against the Awami league Party, they have become wild and ferocious against the Hindus and have started to crush them with their feet.”

“An Awami League leader recently threatened in a public rally that if the Hindus don’t vote for him, he will kill all of the Hindus,” Basu related. “Silence is not a solution for this situation. The Hindus are in real trouble in Bangladesh and if drastic action is not taken immediately, all of the Hindus will be compelled to flee to India. The State of Israel has stood up for the minorities of the world that are in distress. In our hour of need, I invite the State of Israel to solemnly stand by the neglected and tortured Hindus of Bangladesh, so they can be relieved of the suppression, torture and crisis they endure in their own country.”

The post Bangladeshi Hindu activist: Let’s establish diplomatic relations with Israel appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

Kurdistan(s)

Politique étrangère (IFRI) - Fri, 20/10/2017 - 09:30

Nous vous invitons à relire le dossier « Kurdistan(s) » publié dans le numéro d’été 2014 (PE n° 2/2014) qui éclaire avec recul la complexe problématique kurde, au moment où celle-ci se pose de façon de plus en plus précise.

Relisez notamment :

« […] Victimes de l’histoire, ou d’eux-mêmes ? La vitalité de la poussée identitaire kurde attire aujourd’hui l’attention sur une diversité qui, en réalité, a toujours été porteuse de divisions. […] La projection d’une identité kurde commune doit beaucoup au travail de leur diaspora européenne, longtemps structurée autour du noyau des Kurdes de Turquie, majoritaires. Les dynamiques politiques aujourd’hui à l’oeuvre sur les terres d’origine des Kurdes posent à terme l’inévitable question de l’organisation politique globale et du leadership de la communauté. Reste à comprendre si les Kurdes souhaitent aujourd’hui avoir leur propre État, ou s’ils veulent plutôt trouver avec les États existants des arrangements politiques et sociaux viables, permettant de dépasser définitivement le négationnisme identitaire pratiqué jusqu’ici. »

« En Irak, les Kurdes disposent d’un quasi-État. La guerre civile syrienne a pour résultat d’autonomiser les Kurdes du pays. La politique ambiguë de l’AKP dégage au profit des Kurdes un nouvel espace politique en Turquie. Ce développement d’entités s’approchant de structures étatiques ne conduit cependant pas à la constitution d’un espace politique unique. Il demeure fragile, et divise les Kurdes en espaces séparés, autant qu’il les réunit dans une aspiration politique commune. […] »

« Depuis 1991, les partis kurdes dominent et administrent le « Kurdistan irakien ». Cette autonomie pose à Bagdad de multiples problèmes, dont celui du partage des rôles pour l’exploitation et la commercialisation pétrolières. Surtout, les limites de ce Kurdistan, géré comme un État, sont incertaines. Dans les espaces contestés s’opposent les logiques communautaires et les découpages administratifs : les frontières militaires, administratives, de fait et de droit, ne correspondent pas. »

 

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