Union européenne

1/ Schutz der Schengen Außengrenzen
Gewährleistung der Kontrolle der grünen Außengrenze gemäß des Schengen Borders Code und der Frontex-Verordnung (HU-SRB, HU-CRO): ca. 270 Mio. € im Jahr 2015, das entspricht 0,2 % des ungarischen BIP. Nur 1 % dieser Summe wurde von der EU kofinanziert, hier die im Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt vorgesehenen Flexibilität anzuwenden war nicht möglich)
Grenzpolizisten: 102 in Slowenien, 31 in Mazedonien und 30 in Serbien, Angebot für Bulgarien
Angebot über 85 Grenzpolizisten für Frontex in Griechenland und 3 Beamte (einschl. Fahrzeugen) für das EASO

2/ Ursachenbekämpfung
fast 1.000 Soldaten dienen in NATO-, UN- und EU-Missionen, mehrheitlich in Krisenregionen oder an Transportrouten
125 Soldaten sind im Irak im Einsatz (globale Koalition gegen ISIS) * 106 Soldaten sind im Einsatz in Afghanistan (NATO Resolute Support)
Teilnahme an anderen Missionen mit 2 bis 10 Soldaten und Beamten: EUNAVFORMED Sophia; EUTM Mali etc.

3/ Humanitäre Hilfe
Beteiligung am EU-Türkei Paket I bis 2019: 14,6 Mio. € frontloading, davon 2016 bereits 10 Mio. € (statt der vorgesehenen 4,3 Mio.)
Syria Recovery Trust Fund: bilaterales Angebot 3.000.000 € + 200.000 €
Africa Emergency Trust Fund: 700.000 €
Krankenhausprojekt in der Kriegszone: 5.000.000 € (Syria Pledging Conference) * World Food Programme: 377.000 € (eingezahlt)
andere UN und internationale Programme: ca. 1.200.000 € (z.B.: Peace Oasis youth center in Jordanien);
1.000 Betten für Griechenland
bilaterale Sachleistungen für Serbien, Mazedonien und Slowenien: 1.906.500 €
(+ 350.000 € humanitäre Hilfe für die Ukraine)

BOTSCHAFT VON UNGARN IN BERLIN·MARDI 24 MAI 2016
Stand: 24. Mai 2016
Quellen

Tag: FRONTEXHungary

Général : Le Prix Sakharov pour la liberté de l’esprit, décerné chaque année par le Parlement, symbolise le soutien de l’Union européenne à la défense des droits de l’homme. Lundi 23 et mardi 24 mai, neuf lauréats du Prix se sont retrouvés au Parlement à Bruxelles pour évoquer la situation actuelle des libertés fondamentales, et plus particulièrement les défis auxquels sont confrontés les défenseurs des droits de l’homme à l’ère du numérique.

Source : © Union européenne, 2016 - PE

28 Etats membres, 28 régimes politiques ? Si l'Union européenne constitue un ensemble plutôt homogène, il existe de fait d'importantes différences d'organisation politique et institutionnelle. Sept pays sont par exemple des monarchies, quatre sont des systèmes présidentiels ou semi-présidentiels et treize disposent d'un parlement bicaméral. Pour y voir clair dans les régimes politiques européens, Toute l'Europe vous propose une carte interactive regroupant les informations principales sur la répartition des pouvoirs politiques au sein des Etats membres, ainsi que sur les hommes et les femmes actuellement en exercice.

Général : Chaque jour, près de 315 millions d'Européens utilisent Internet. Pour que le secteur du numérique profite pleinement à la croissance et à l'emploi, la Commission européenne a présenté en 2015 une stratégie pour un marché unique du numérique. Le Conseil et le Parlement se sont également entendus sur la fin des frais d'itinérance et la neutralité du net. Mercredi 25 mai, les députés réunis en session plénière débattront de nouvelles propositions visant à développer davantage le commerce en ligne.

Source : © Union européenne, 2015 - PE

European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights Chair Elena Valenciano (S&D, ES) welcomes the release of the anti-slavery activists Biram Ould Dah Abeid and Brahim Bilal Ramdhane by the Supreme Court of Mauritania. She made the following statement:

"On behalf of the Subcommittee on Human Rights I encourage the government of Mauritania to continue its effort to fulfil its international human rights obligations. While recognising that progress has been made by the government in taking legislative measures aimed at fighting all forms of slavery, the lack of effective implementation contributes to the persistence of such practices. I therefore call on the authorities to enact effectively the anti-slavery laws to eradicate the practice".
Press statement
Source : © European Union, 2016 - EP

La proposition de la Commission européenne en faveur d'une directive de l'UE contre l'évasion fiscale a été saluée par la commission des affaires économiques et monétaires du Parlement dans une résolution votée mardi. Les députés ont cependant demandé des limites plus strictes concernant la déduction des paiements d'intérêts et un taux d'imposition effectif sur les sociétés de 15%.
Commission spéciale sur les rescrits fiscaux et autres mesures similaires par leur nature ou par leur effet (TAXE 2)

Source : © Union européenne, 2016 - PE

Le premier sommet humanitaire mondial organisé par l'ONU s'achève ce 24 mai à Istanbul. Comment protéger les civils pendant les conflits et faire respecter le droit humanitaire ? Les attaques contre les hôpitaux, les écoles ou encore le siège des villes sont des pratiques illégales, mais de plus en plus fréquentes. Le sujet était au menu des discussions ce matin entre les représentants de 135 Etats.

Le nouveau Premier ministre turc Binali Yildirim a formé son gouvernement. Pas de grands changements puisque les poids lourds, fidèles d'Erdogan, conservent leurs postes. Par contre, un message à peine voilé est envoyé à l'Europe avec la nomination au poste de ministre des Affaires européennes, du porte-parole de l'AKP, Ömer Celik, sans grande expérience diplomatique.

La Russie lance un appel à une trêve de 72 heures à partir de jeudi 26 mai dans deux régions de Syrie où les combats se poursuivent malgré le cessez-le-feu instauré le 27 février.

Séance plénière : Trop peu a été fait pour préserver les droits fondamentaux des citoyens européens suite aux révélations d’Edward Snowden sur la surveillance de masse opérée par les États-Unis : c’est la conclusion des députés après que la Cour européenne de Justice ait invalidé l’accord « Safe Harbor » en octobre 2015. L’ensemble du Parlement débattra demain du bouclier vie privée, ou « Privacy Shield », nouvel accord sur les flux de données transatlantiques censé mieux protéger la vie privée des Européens.

Source : © Union européenne, 2016 - PE

C'est au terme d’un scrutin très serré qu'Alexander Van der Bellen a remporté la présidentielle autrichienne ce lundi. Avec 50,3% des suffrages, il dépasse le candidat d’extrême droite Norbert Hofer d'un peu plus de 31 000 voix. Un résultat qui, pour la presse européenne, n'offre qu'un court sursis avant les prochaines législatives, et ne peut qu'alerter le reste de l'Europe.

Les 28 ministres des Affaires étrangères de l'Union européenne, réunis à Bruxelles, se sont penchés sur la situation en RDC où la dégradation récente des perspectives électorales les préoccupe fortement. Les Vingt-Huit se sont fendus d'une longue déclaration commune pour appeler tous les acteurs de la vie politique congolaise à relancer le processus qui doit conduire à la tenue des élections, dans les délais prévus par la Constitution de la RDC et remis en cause par la décision de la Cour constitutionnelle de Kinshasa, il y a quinze jours, d'autoriser le maintien à son poste du président Joseph Kabila au-delà de décembre 2016 si aucun scrutin n'est organisé d'ici là. Les Européens voient une impasse dans la situation actuelle.

La crise économique en Russie a fait une victime de taille : les salaires. Leur niveau moyen a largement chuté pour s'établir au-dessous du salaire moyen chinois, d'après un analyste de la première banque russe. De plus, il faut savoir que 66% des salariés ont des revenus officiels inférieurs à ce salaire moyen.

On 30 May DROI will hold a hearing on minorities caught between the Syrian civil war and ISIS in Iraq and Syria. A panel made up of experts including representatives of some of the main minorities in the region, Christian, Turkmen and Yazidi, will provide first hand observations on the general conditions in these two countries.
Location : ASP 3G3, Brussels
Programme
Source : © European Union, 2016 - EP

Plus de 8 000 réfugiés y vivaient depuis trois mois dans des conditions sordides. Le camp d'Idoméni, à la frontière entre la Grèce et la Macédoine est en cours d'évacuation ce mardi matin 24 mai. C'est un camp qui fut à l'origine de tensions entre les deux pays. Les migrants doivent être transférés vers des centres d'accueil. L'opération d'évacuation a commencé à 4 heures du matin (TU) et se déroule dans le calme.

Article 3 of the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children defines trafficking in human beings as: “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or the use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation for prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”

Human trafficking has acquired a new dimension in the context of globalisation and most of the victims in Europe are women and girls that come from and outside Europe, with sexual exploitation being the main reason. On Thursday 12 May, at the Strasbourg Plenary Session, MEPs assessed the current European legislation to fight against human trafficking and to protect its victims, coming up with new suggestions and improvements. Among the other propositions, Catherine BEARDER report on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings was taken into consideration and the resulting resolution on the Implementation of the Directive 2011/36/EU of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims from a gender perspective (2015/2118(INI)) adopted.

Human trafficking is considered a serious crime and a flagrant violation of human rights as recognised by the international community. Even if it is not a new phenomenon, in recent years the increasing mobility all around Europe and the development of new technologies have contributed to the rise of human trafficking, which generally involves low risks and brings high profit to traffickers. Forced labour, sexual exploitation, forced begging, the selling of children and forced marriage are the main purposes of human trafficking. In the EU, these forms of exploitation happen largely within its borders: 65% of victims are EU citizens, as reported by Eurostat, mostly from eastern and central Europe such as Romania and Bulgaria. However, Western Europe is also the destination for victims from Africa, Asia and South America.

In 2012, according to the International Labour Office, almost 21 million persons globally, including 11.4 million women and girls, were trapped in the so-called modern-day slavery. At the global level, 70% of victims are represented by women and girls and in the EU, as presented by Eurostat, the situation is even worse where the proportion of “registered or presumed” female victims are around 80% for the period 2010-2012. In effect, because of their vulnerability and the demand for sexual services the majority of victims of human trafficking are women and girls.

Sexual exploitation is the main scope of human trafficking at the global and European level where women and girls are generally targeted victims. This happens because there is a real and considerable demand for sexual services in Europe from which traffickers can profit and not just because women victims are vulnerable. Tackling this demand requires addressing prostitution; around 1 million women seemed to be engaged in transactional sex in Europe, as presented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Report.

This kind of sexual exploitation can take on different forms: ones that are more visible (such as in the situation of street prostitution) but primarily in a clandestine way (such as in brothels, private houses, strip clubs and massage parlours). Traffickers to prevent victims from escaping and control them often use violence, coercion, drugs and alcohol. However, to reduce demand for services of trafficked people, EU Member States have adopted three different legal approaches to prostitution: criminalisation, decriminalisation and legalisation. Each one clearly present limits and offer solutions to this phenomenon at different levels.

Many women are also victims of forced labour and subjected to psychological and physical violence. At the global level 35% of victims of forced labour are women against 27% in the EU for the period 2010-2012. Even if it is primarily men who do forced labour in the agricultural, construction or manufacturing sectors, women and girls are exploited for the purpose of domestic servitude. These victims often live in inhumane conditions, working for long hours for no salary, suffering physical and psychological violence, abuse, punishment and humiliation. As domestic work is often hidden and part of the informal economy, it is extremely hard to detect it to punish those responsible.

Data on human trafficking tends to demonstrate that human trafficking has a clear gender dimension, as women and men are not trafficked in the same way or for the same purpose. Arguably, the trafficking cycle is highly gendered from the root causes that make women and girls more vulnerable. These root causes can be distinguished in « push and pull » factors. Push factors includes poverty, gender inequality, unemployment, lack of social security and conflicts. Pull factors, on the contrary, are represented by mere promises of better living condition, a stable employment and demand for cheap and unskilled labour. All these factors create an exploitation chain from which it is very difficult to escape.

The recruitment of victims is an important step of the trafficking process. Coercion, force and deception are the mainly channels of recruitment through which traffickers operate exploiting the poor economic situation of women. Trust in traffickers is another key element. Offering a new life, they are able to conquer victims and even their family members. An important role is also played by internet and new technology, as most criminal activities have gone online. Social media, websites and internet are in fact the first channel of recruitment of victims, to the point that Europol qualified these practices “cyber slavery”.

Migrant smuggling, especially during the current “refugee and migrant crisis”, has been related to human trafficking as one of the main channel of recruitment. In fact, mass migration has increased people’s risk of ending up as victims of trafficking. Cumbersome and complex migration procedures and lack of legal migration opportunities force people to use facilitators or intermediaries; this will result, in most cases, in exploitation phenomena and abuses. Women and children are especially likely to become victims of traffickers and smugglers.

From a juridical point of view, the EU and the international community have adopted key instruments to tackle trafficking in human beings. In 2000, the UN Trafficking Protocol was ratified as part of the Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and it represents a milestone in redefining the problem of human trafficking. Indeed, before this Protocol, the concept of trafficking in persons was only equated with the exploitation for commercial sex. On the contrary, from 2000, the scope of trafficking was extended to various non-sexual forms of exploitation, such as the aforementioned forced labour. However, it still took a crime-based approach towards trafficking. This has only changed in recent years when the focus was shifted towards victims’ human rights. The 2005 Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings is an example, as it places the victims’ human rights at its heart demanding States to offer a satisfactory protection and services to victims.

At the European level, the main legislative instrument for fighting trafficking in human beings is the Directive 2011/36/EU. Referring to the two international instrument above-mentioned, this directive adopts a more victims’ centred approach, addressing prevention and supporting a gender-specific focus without neglecting the prosecution of offenders. It recognises the different purposes for which women and man are trafficked and, thus, different needs and assistance required by men and women. This directive aims at tackling the demand for services of the victims of trafficking, particularly those engaged in sex industry, agriculture, tourism and construction. Moreover, Directive 2009/52/EC already tackles the demand for labour of trafficked persons at the EU level. It mainly focuses on sanctions and measures against employers who know that the worker is a victim of trafficking in human beings.

Concerning the protection of victims, according to EU law, victims of this kind of trafficking possess a number of rights, such as assistance, medical care, labour rights, legal defence and access to justice. Directive 2012/29/EU affirms that Member States have to ensure that victims of crimes receive appropriate support, protection and information. Furthermore, concerning victims of trafficking from third country, Directive 2004/81/EC defines standards for granting residence permits to these victims cooperating with the competent authority.

The issue of trafficking in human beings is basically a task primarily down to the Member States. However, the European Commission, with a view to creating a more comprehensive EU anti-trafficking policy, introduced the role of an EU anti-trafficking coordinator, currently held by Myria VASSILIADOU. Her mainly duty is to improve coordination and coherence among EU institutions, EU agencies, Member States and international actors and, to develop existing and new policies to address trafficking in human beings. The role of EU agencies is also important, as they contribute to the fight against human trafficking according to their area of competence: from gathering intelligence and facilitating the prosecution of traffickers, to coordinating EU countries’ effort to support victims and prevent victimisation. Among the others, seven agencies are directly involved: Europol, Eurojust, CEPOL, EASO, EIGE, FRA and Frontex. Furthermore, the European Commission has adopted a strategy for the 2012-2016 period (EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings) providing standards and guidelines on how to implement and put into practice Directive 2011/36/EU, even if, without achieving a very great deal.

The European Parliament (EP) is another institution that played and still plays an active role in developing anti-trafficking policies at the EU level. Referring to Directive 2011/36/EU, in June 2015, the EP adopted a Resolution on EU Strategy for equality between women and men, calling on Member States to fully implement this directive. Moreover, the European Commission was requested (in vain) to evaluate and monitor its implementation in order to adopt a new strategy against human trafficking as the current one expires in 2016.

Parliament’s Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM), through its deputy Catherine BEARDER (ALDE, UK), proposed an own-initiative report on the implementation of Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking of human beings and protecting its victims from a gender-perspective. Drawn up in close cooperation with the Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), the text points out that EU legislation to protect victims of trafficking has not being properly enforced and call Member States and the European Commission to action. “EU-wide measures to tackle this vile trade must be fully implemented by national governments, including the proper collection of statistics and identifications of victims to give us a clearer view of the real picture” said the rapporteur. The resolution, approved during the last Plenary session in Strasbourg by 391 votes to 43, with 53 abstentions, also stresses that the European Commission has failed to keep to the timetable of assessment report required by the directive.

Directive 2011/36/EU was due to be transposed into Member States’ national laws by 6th April 2013 and the report underlines that, currently, all Member States, except one, have notified the Commission of the transposition of this directive into national law. The EP asks Member States to speed up the correct and full enforcement of the directive. MEPs put the focus on the gender dimension of trafficking in human beings emphasizing that prevention, support and assistance measures must be gender-specific.

In particular, MEPs stress the need for a new approach to trafficking in human beings based on four key issues:

1. Prevention: MEPs call on Member States’ preventive actions such as information and awareness campaigns, educational activities in schools to promote gender equality and gender-based violence but they also stress that it is important to create safe legal migration channels for women and children;
2. Criminal prosecution: MEPs call on Member States to combat impunity, criminalise trafficking, and ensure that perpetrators are brought to justice and that sanctions are strengthened intensifying their investigations and persecutions:
3. Victim protection: MEPs call on the EU to pay attention to new forms of exploitation such as trafficking in new-born children and reproductive exploitation. Gender-specific measures to assist and support victims and their protection are fundamental. According to MEPs, victims do not have enough information to have access directly to services. Victims need specialised services including access to a safe accommodation (in the short or long term), translators and interpreters, rehabilitation programs, medical care and psychological support.
4. Multi-level partnership: MEPs call on Member States to increase cross-border collaboration and cooperation with the relevant EU agencies. In this context, they call on EU agencies (Europol, Frontex, FRA, EASO etc.) to develop a sustained programme of improving gender balance in decision-making relevant to trafficking.

Therefore, the resolution asks the Commission to ensure Member States compliance with Directive 2011/36/EU and to develop guidelines based on best practices to develop and mainstream gender expertise into the activities of law enforcement authorities across the EU. It also notes that the current EU Strategy towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings ends in 2016 and calls on the Commission to evaluate this strategy and to introduce a new one that follows a human-rights-based approach, includes a clear gender dimension and, contains concrete actions in this regard. This strategy should address prevention and discourage the demand that fosters all forms of trafficking.

Member States, for their part, are asked to take some measures, including put in place some hotlines to help victims, grant legal assistance not only in criminal proceedings but also in civil or migration and asylum procedures and, offer psychological and medical support. The resolution calls on Members States to collect more detailed and up-to-date data by compiling reliable statistical information gathered from all the main actors involved, by ensuring that the data is homogeneous and disaggregated by gender, age, type of exploitation, country of origin and destination, and, by including internally trafficked people to better identify potential victims and prevent crime. EU countries should also increase data sharing in order to better assess the gender dimension and recent trends in trafficking in human beings and combat it more effectively.

As the rapporteur, Catherine BEARDER, underlines “we made huge progress five years ago when we came in with the directive on human trafficking. But still we are not getting the data; we are not as joined up”. Another time it seems that we got something, the EU have its legislation against human trafficking but it is just on paper. It is necessary to going more in practice now and this resolution should give renewed impetus to the work on the anti-trafficking directive.

Adele Cornaglia

 

For further information:

• European Parliament, articles’ section: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160509STO26419/Human-trafficking-Like-any-market-there-must-be-a-demand-that-drives-it
• Directive 2011/36/EU : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/581412/EPRS_STU(2016)581412_EN.pdf
• Resolution European Parliament, 12 May 2016 : http://statewatch.org/news/2016/may/ep-human-trafficking-resolution-12-5-16.pdf
• Procedure File : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/ficheprocedure.do?lang=&reference=2015/2118%28INI%29#documentGateway
• European Parliament, Think Tank : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/581987/EPRS_ATA(2016)581987_EN.pd

Classé dans:Dignité humaine, Droit à l'intégrité de la personne, Droit à la liberté et à la sûreté, Droits de l'enfant, DROITS FONDAMENTAUX, Egalité entre hommes et femmes, Interdiction de la torture et des traitements inhumains et dégradants, Liberté de circulation des personnes, Lutte contre la criminalité organisée, MIGRATIONS ET ASILE, Non-discrimination, Protection des minorités

L'augmentation d'attaques djihadistes, le profil des terroristes, le rôle particulier des femmes au sein de l'État islamique (EI), le recrutement des jeunes sur les médias sociaux, les stratégies de communication de l'EI, le lien entre le terrorisme et la criminalité, et l'équilibre entre la vie privée et le cryptage ont été parmi les sujets débattus par les membres de la commission des libertés civiles et le chef du Centre contre le terrorisme d'Europol, M. Navarrete Paniagua, lundi après-midi.
Commission des libertés civiles, de la justice et des affaires intérieures

Source : © Union européenne, 2016 - PE

Les ministres des Finances de la zone euro se retrouvent ce mardi 24 mai à Bruxelles pour évoquer à nouveau le cas de la Grèce. Ils devraient décider de débloquer une nouvelle tranche de prêts pour le pays. Le plan d'aide de 86 milliards d'euros, voté en juillet dernier, était suspendu depuis plusieurs mois dans l'attente de l'adoption par Athènes de nouvelles mesures de rigueur. La Grèce a besoin de cet argent car elle doit rembourser 2,2 milliards d'euros à la Banque centrale européenne en juillet prochain. L'Eurogroupe devrait également se pencher sur un éventuel allègement de la dette du pays qui se monte à 180% de son PIB.

Le sommet mondial de l'humanitaire de l'ONU se poursuit ce mardi 24 mai à Istanbul. Des représentants de 135 états sont réunis pour réorganiser un système humanitaire à bout de souffle face à des crises de plus en plus longues et nombreuses. Le sommet ne donnera pas lieu à un accord formel ou à des textes contraignants, mais une initiative concrète a été lancée ce lundi en fin de journée entre 21 grands donateurs et 16 agences humanitaires.

L’Autriche a un nouveau président. Il s’appelle Alexander Van der Bellen. Il s’était présenté à la présidentielle comme candidat indépendant, mais il s’agit d’un ancien chef du parti écologiste. Avec 50,3% des voix, Alexander Van der Bellen a battu de justesse Norbert Hofer, candidat du parti d’extrême droite, le FPÖ.